The end product of the pathway. The dominant choline form in the organs and brain. Involved in the hepatic transport of VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) in the liver and cell membrane maintenance.

It is an active form of fat-soluble antioxidant. It protects cells from damage due to oxidative stress and free radicals. Studies have shown that alpha tocopherol promotes healthy brain ageing, delays Alzheimer’s disease-related functional decline, increases oxidative resistance in vitro, prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation, and inhibits liver fibrosis driven by oxidative damage.

A choline source to form the pathway’s end product. It is also important for synaptic strength and neural connectivity.

Generated from the breakdown of PC. Added into the Alfa Plaqx series blends to ensure that the body can utilise the PC mainly for cell maintenance rather than being broken down. It also has the ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier and reach the central nervous system. Thus, it serves as a potent nootropic – a substance which can be consumed to improve mental performance.